As a branch of anthropology, Traditional or Indigenous knowledge has a unique position in infrastructural studies of persistent development. Beside discussing the global position of indigenous knowledge, this paper has tried to present a case research project of COAL MAKING in Mazandaran Province of Iran using traditional method. to do this, the researcher has carried out direct in depth observations, face to face and qualtitative interviews, along with the use of documents. The Focus group solely consists of COAL makers, meanwhile mule keepers, contractors and other locals people were also studied. Interviewed people were selected through snowball sampling in a longitudinal or multi periodic time course study in the research site.The study reveals how COAL MAKING process has passed down from eneration to generation by the foresters through a special kind of natural environment coexistence resulting in forest preservation. In contrast, current companies carelessly exploit forest resources with no careful supervision leading to total destruction of this national property, so that the alarm ring for forest and biodiversity has already tolled.

Summary: The aim of this research is stability analysis of COAL pillars in inclined COAL seams (the variable pillar width and the variable seam dip) using the finite difference method software (FLAC2D). This aim is achieved by assessing the vertical and shear stresses distribution and their influence on the COAL pillar.Introduction: In some mining method such as longwall, room and pillar and stope and pillar, the design of mine is done in such a way that the pillars are left in the seam gradient. Therefore in this case the effect of seam dip must be considered on the stability of pillar. Pillars in dipping strata are under in compression and shear load and therefore require consideration of a failure criterion that accounts for compression and shear load. The stability analysis of COAL pillar can be performed by empirical, analytical, statistical and numerical methods.Since the existing empirical methods developed to pillar design have some limitations, the application of numerical methods was widely increasing to optimize pillar size in all mining methods. Applying numerical methods, it is possible to consider seam dip on the stability of COAL pillar.Methodology and Approaches: In this study, six numerical models were analyzed in FLAC2D software for 30, 45 and 60 degree steeply COAL seams with 10 and 15 m pillar width. It should be noted that 90 m width are considered for stopes in all numerical models. Moreover, exploitation has been started at the first stope and then continued to the second stope. In each step of the analyses, the model is run to equilibrium before creating the second stope.Results and Conclusions: The numerical modeling result on 30, 45 and 60 degree steeply COAL seams with 10 and 15 m pillar width showed that the vertical stresses on the pillar decreased by increase of COAL seam dip and COAL pillar width. Moreover, the shear stresses increased by increases of COAL seam dip. Finally, according to the numerical modeling result the pillar width of 15 m on a dip of 30 degree is stable.

Increasing the production rate and minimizing the related costs, while optimizing the safety measures, are nowadays’ most important tasks in the mining industry. To these ends, mechanization of mines could be applied, which can result in significant cost reductions and higher levels of profitability for underground mines. The potential of a COAL mine mechanization depends on some important factors such as seam inclination and thickness, geological disturbances, seam floor and roof conditions. Mechanization of underground mines requires substantial investments. Therefore, thorough inspection of pertaining aspects is of highest importance before a final decision. The main aim of this study is to develop a new approach to rank the mechanization potential of different COAL seams in the Tazareh COAL mine complex based on multi-criteria decision-MAKING methods. In fact, a decision-MAKING approach is an effective tool for dealing with complex decision-MAKING processes, and the obtained results may aid the decision maker to determine the priorities and make the best decision. To this end, an integrated Fuzzy Delphi Analytical Hierarchy Process (FDAHP)-PROMETHEE method was utilized to rank COAL stopes from the best to the worst. Among different COAL seams, K19 was selected as the optimal alternative for mechanization of the Tazareh COAL mine complex. In addition, in order to investigate the effects of the pertaining factors on the final decision, a sensitivity analysis was performed. The results obtained from sensitivity analysis showed that K19 with 71. 4% of votes had the highest potential for mechanization.

The COAL wastes of Zarand COAL washing Plant are accumulated in near of this plant. The rate of extractable Alumina from the COAL waste ash is about 27%. The amount of these wastes estimated about 107tons which about 1000 tons are added to them daily. In this study Alumina was extracted from wastes using: Lime-soda sintering, leaching of sinter, desilication of leaching solution, carbonation of desilicate solution with CO2 and precipitation of Al(OH)3 calcined Al(OH)2 processes respectively. The optimum condition achieved for each process as fallows: 1-Sinteringprocess; mol ratio of CaO/SiO2 =1.8. Na2O/Al2O3=1.3 in raw materials, particle size of raw materials: 12.5 % residual of 170 mesh sieve, time=35 minutes, temperature= 1275°C, sinter blain = 250 m2/kg. 2-Leaching process; solvent: NaOH 5.6 g/l solution, solid-liquid ratio =2, time=30 minutes and temperature=60°C 3-Desilication process; reagent: Ca(OH)2 10 g/l suspension, liquid - liquid ratio = 2, time=15 minutes, temperature: environmental temperature. 4-Carbonation process; amount of CO2 for Alumina precipitation in 250ml of 16.5 g/l Alumina solution: 1 liter/minutes for 20 minutes.5- Calcinations of AL(OH)3; temperature= 1250°C, time 30 minutes. The results showed that in optimum conditions about 74 % Alumina holding 99 % purification can be extracted from COAL waste ash.

COAL has been used for centuries as a energy source, and it remains a vital fuel for electricity generation in many countries. However, the risks of COAL mining are high, and outbursts and gas emissions are two significant hazards associated with underground COAL mining. COAL and gas outbursts are sudden and violent ejections of COAL, gas, and rock from the working face of an underground COAL mine. They occur when high gas levels, such as methane, accumulate in the COAL seam and are released rapidly due to the stress and pressure caused by mining activities. Numerical simulation is one of the most powerful methods to study this complex phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of COAL strength parameters on the occurrence of the desired phenomenon in underground COAL mines using the finite element numerical method. For the study, the sub-tunnel of the E4 workshop of the Parvade 1 Mine of Tabas, which is located at a depth of 472 meters from the ground, was investigated in the Phase2 simulation software and the possibility of an outburst in this layer assuming the existence of a pocket with a pressure of 0.6 MPa and crushed rock. The unstable failure index has been used to determine outburst-prone areas. In general, the application of UFI is to detect areas prone to brittle failure in phenomena such as Spalling, Rockburt, and Outburst. When this index is greater than 1, there is a possibility of this phenomenon because there is excess energy in the rock. According to the results of this research, strength parameters such as cohesion, angle of internal friction, and modulus of elasticity have a significant effect on the severity of outburst, at the same time the probability of this phenomenon is estimated independently of the tensile strength of COAL. Considering that the UFI index used confirmed the results of previous researchers about this phenomenon, it can help predict this phenomenon. For the first time, this criterion is written based on energy components instead of stress and was able to show the effect of different parameters on outbursts.

Screening experiments were carried out to isolate bacterial strains capable of solubilizing COAL tailings for use in biofuel production from these byproduct wastes. Using enrichment in medium containing COAL as sole carbon source, seven bacterial strains able to grow on COAL hydrocarbons were isolated. The bacterial consortium was then cultured in mineral salt liquid media containing 1% (w/v) hard COAL or COAL tailings and incubated for 15 days at 25 degree centigrade on an orbital shaker (150 rpm). Spectrophotometric analysis of supernatants resulted from centrifugation of cultures showed 1.475 increases in absorbance at 450 nm for COAL tailing and 0.832 for hard COAL, compared to blank lacking bacteria. Gravimetric measurements also performed wich confirmed the solubilization of COAL by bacteria.

Weathered COAL (WTC) modified asphalts with improved storage stability are prepared by incorporating styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The effects of WTC and SBR/WTC are studied on the storage and physical properties, and morphologies of the modified asphalts. It is found that the WTC has marked effect on the increasing of softening point at the content of 3 wt% while SBR has significant effect on the low temperature (5ºC) properties and improvement of aging resistance at SBR content of 4 wt% in the WTC and SBR/WTC modified asphalts. The morphology of SEM and TEM photographs show that WTC was dispersed relatively uniform in asphalt which indicates compatibility and storage stability are improved by producing a homogeneous phase in modified asphalts. The FTIR analysis show new weak peak areas in modified asphalts indicating physical alteration is the main changes in modified asphalts.

Zeolite was synthesized from COAL tailings and COAL fly ash sampled from Zarand COAL washing plant, Iran, using H2O2–promoted hydrothermal treatment. Samples consisted mainly of SiO2 and Al2O3 which are the main components for the zeolite synthesis. To perform the experiments, appropriate amount of the starting materials were mixed with 240 ml volume of 30% H2O2 at room temperature with continuous stirring at 480 rpm. Then, the temperature was gradually raised to and adjusted at 80oC for 180 min. At the end, the treated mixture was filtered and aged in an oven for 15 h at 95oC to give the zeolitic products. The XRD patterns showed semi-quantitative yields of 21.43% and 8.31% for direct and indirect conversions, respectively. Based on XRF analysis, the higher yield of direct conversion could be ascribed to the higher CaO content in COAL tailings compared to fly ash.

An investigation was carried out at the COAL mine of Shahrood to manage a programme plan in order to reduce different pollutants such as various gases, vapours and dusts at the mine workplace. Initially the quantity of different gases was measured using gas-detecting devices. CO, C02, H2S, S02 and CH4 were measured according to the standard methods. Using such detecting devices confirmed that the amount of CO, C02, H2S, S02 was below the threshold acceptance level at different sites of the mine. In contrast, the Co was higher than the threshold level at the store and loading sites. Results showed that the amount of harmful dust and vapours was above the TLV, the level recommended by NIOSH and OSHA standard methods. It should be noted that in all experiments carried out during this study the high level of harmful dusts and vapours distributed inside the mine was indicated. Due to occurrence of high level of pollution of the above- mentioned gases, vapours and dusts inside the mine, an attempt was made to plan a perfect and suitable ventilation system to reduce the hazards of these agents for the people involved in COAL mining activities. According to the obtained data, a general ventilation system was suggested as an important and vital solution for preventing the unpredicted events and poisoning. In this procedure, the amount of harmful agents can be reduced and kept at an acceptable level based on general ventilation system which is installed in the site and the local ventilation system. Application of modern devices for COAL mining, of electrostatic method for dust absorption, of water at the site of mining as well as personal protection equipments were considered important steps to reduce the dust pollution inside the mine.To reach an acceptable level of standard as recommended by international standard organizations, a multidimensional activity is suggested.